Uduce duto twa molekile, nk'ibintu bikurura cyane kandi bitera imbaraga, bigira uruhare runini mu nganda nka peteroli, gutandukanya gaze, no gukora ogisijeni mu buvuzi. Ubwoko butandukanye bw'uduce duto twa molekile, dufite ingano y'imyenge yihariye n'imiterere ya shimi, twagenewe gukoreshwa mu nganda zitandukanye. Iyi nkuru itanga ibisobanuro birambuye kuri 3A, 4A, 5A, 13X (harimo 13X HP na 13X APG), na litiyumu molekile, ikubiyemo ibisobanuro byabyo, imiterere, ikoreshwa, n'ibipimo by'ingenzi kugira ngo bifashe abasomyi gusobanukirwa neza imikorere idasanzwe y'izi "duce duto twa molekile."
Utuyunguruzo twa molekile ni aluminiyumu ya kristu ifite imiterere imwe y’uturemangingo duto duto twinjiza molekile hakurikijwe ingano na polarity. Ifishi rusange yabyo ni:
Mx/n[(AlO2)x(SiO2)y]⋅mH2O
ahoMihagarariye cations (urugero, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺),nni cation valence, kandix/yigena ingano y'umwobo.
Urusenda rwa Molekile rwa 3A
Iyuni ya potasiyumu (K⁺) ihinduranya ubwoko bwa A ifite umwobo ungana na ~3 Å (0.3 nm).
Ibiranga:
Ifata gusa molekile z'amazi (umurambararo wa 2.8 Å), hatarimo molekile nini (urugero: ethylene, propane).
Ingufu nyinshi za mekanike kandi irwanya cyane ubwandu.
Porogaramu:
- Kumisha cyane ethanol na gaze ya peteroli.
- Kubura amazi mu byuma bikonjesha.
- Kurinda ubushuhe mu bikoresho bya pulasitiki.
4A Urusenda rwa Molekile:
Uduce twa molekile two mu bwoko bwa A dushingiye kuri iyoni ya sodiyumu (Na⁺) dufite umwobo ungana na 4 Å (0.4 nm).
Ibiranga:
Ikuramo utuntu duto nka amazi, methanol, ethanol, na CO₂.Ikoreshwa cyane mu nganda no mu kumisha ibikoresho by'umusaruro.
Porogaramu:
- Gukuraho ubushuhe mu buryo bw'umwuka ufunze.
- Uburinzi bw'ubushuhe ku miti n'ibice by'ikoranabuhanga.
- Icyuma gikoresha amazi yo koroshya (cyangiza amazi).
Urusenda rwa Molekile rwa 5A
Iyuni ya kalisiyumu (Ca²⁺) ihinduranya ubwoko bwa A ifite umwobo ungana na 5 Å (0.5 nm).
Ibiranga:
- Ikuramo alkanes zigororotse (urugero, C₃H₈, n-C₄H₁₀) ariko ntikuraho hydrocarbons zifite amashami.
- Ikoreshwa mu gutandukanya isomer mu gutunganya peteroli.
Porogaramu: - Gukoresha peteroli mu gusukura (kunoza imiterere y'amazi akonje).
- Gutandukanya ogisijeni na azote (gukora ogisijeni ya PSA).
- Gukuraho gazi karemano (gukuraho H₂S na CO₂).
Urusenda rwa Molecular rwa 13X
Akayunguruzo ka molekile ko mu bwoko bwa sodium X gafite umwobo ungana na 10 Å (1.0 nm) n'ubuso burebure.
Ibiranga:
Ubushobozi budasanzwe bwo kwinjiza ibintu mu buryo budasanzwe (urugero: aromatike, hydrogen sulfide).
Ikoreshwa cyane mu gusukura no gutandukanya gazi.
Porogaramu:
Gutandukanya umwuka (umusaruro wa ogisijeni/azote).
Kumisha no gukuraho imyuka isanzwe mu kirere (CO₂ gukuraho).
Gutunganya imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu nganda (VOCs adsorption).
13X HP (Umusaruro wo hejuru)
Ibisobanuro: Urusenda rwa molekile rwakozwe neza rwa 13X rufite ubushobozi bwo kuyungurura no gusya neza.
Ibiranga:
- Ubushobozi bwo kunyuzamo amazi buri hejuru ya 15–20% ugereranyije n'ubushobozi busanzwe bwa 13X.
- Bikwiriye ahantu hari umuvuduko mwinshi n'ubushuhe bwinshi.
Porogaramu: - Ibikoresho byo gutandukanya umwuka ushyushye.
- Umusaruro wa gaze isukuye cyane (urugero, azote yo mu rwego rwa elegitoroniki).
13X APG (Icyiciro cy'indege)
Uruzingo rwa molekile rwa 13X rwakozwe neza mu kirere rufite ivumbi rike kandi rufite umutekano mwinshi.
Ibiranga:
Yubahiriza amabwiriza agenga indege (urugero, MIL-D-3464E).
Irwanya isuri iterwa n'imyuka, imara igihe kirekire.
Porogaramu:
Sisitemu zo kuzenguruka kw'ikirere mu ndege (gukora ogisijeni mu kazu).
Gusukura gaze y'ibyogajuru.
Sifuri ya Lithium Molecular (Li-LSX)
Uduce twa litiyumu (Li⁺) twa molekile zo mu bwoko bwa X twahinduwe dufite umwobo ungana na ~9 Å.
Ibiranga:
- Guhitamo cyane uburyo azote (N₂) inyuzwamo, bigatuma habaho gutandukanya neza ogisijeni na azote.
- Ikoreshwa mu gukora ogisijeni ihagije.
- Porogaramu:
- Ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwa ogisijeni mu buvuzi (>90% O₂ ubuziranenge).
- Gutwika bikungahaye kuri ogisijeni mu itanura riturika.
- Sisitemu zo gushyigikira ubuzima mu bwato bunini bw'amazi n'ibyogajuru.
| Ubwoko | Ingano y'umwobo | Ubwoko bwa Cation | Molekuli z'ingenzi zirimo asorbeti | Porogaramu |
| 3X | 3 | K⁺ | H₂O | Kubura amazi mu mazi ya Ethanol, kumisha LPG |
| 4X | 4 | Na⁺ | H₂O, CO₂, CH₃OH | Kumisha umwuka, isabune |
| 5X | 5 | Ca²⁺ | n-alkanes, H₂S | Gusukura peteroli, PSA O₂ |
| 13X | 10 | Na⁺ | CO₂, H₂S, ibihumura neza | Gusukura gazi karemano, gutandukanya umwuka |
| 13X HP | 10 | Na⁺ (yatunganyijwe neza) | Molekile nini za gaze | Ikorwa rya gaze isuku cyane |
| 13X APG | 10 | Na⁺ (ivumbi rike) | Gusukura gazi mu ndege | Sisitemu ya ogisijeni y'indege |
| Li-LSX | 9 | Li⁺ | N₂ (ihitamo ry'ibanze) | Ibikoresho byo kwa muganga bipima umwuka wa ogisijeni |
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mata-03-2025